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How is PBS/IC caused?

The exact cause of PBS/IC is still unknown, but there a number of different theories including:

• A weakness in the protective layer inside the bladder. This layer is called the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer and it protects the bladder from the urine. If it becomes leaky, the urine damages the bladder and can cause the symptoms of PBS/IC
• Infection with an unknown agent e.g. a slow-growing virus
• Production of a toxic substance in the urine
• Problems with the normal function of the pelvic floor
• An autoimmune disorder when the body attacks its own healthy cells by mistake
• Damage to the bladder itself or to the spinal cord in this region, for example as the result of an accident